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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cup from the Last Supper. For the object of Arthurian legend with which it is sometimes identified, see <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>.</div>

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<p>The <b>Holy Chalice</b>, also known as the <b>Holy Grail</b>, is in some <a href="Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> the vessel that Jesus used at the <a href="Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> to share his blood. The <a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> refer to Jesus sharing a cup of wine with the <a href="Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>, saying it was the <a href="New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">covenant</a> in his blood. The use of wine and <a href="Chalice" title="Chalice">chalice</a> in the <a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> in <a href="Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">Christian churches</a> is based on the Last Supper event. In the late 12th century, the author <a href="Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a> associated the pre-existing story of the <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>, a magical item from Arthurian literature, with the Holy Chalice. This association was continued in many subsequent Arthurian works, including the <a href="Lancelot-Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a> (Vulgate) cycle, the <a href="Post-Vulgate_Cycle" title="Post-Vulgate Cycle">Post-Vulgate Cycle</a>, and Sir <a href="Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>'s <i><a href="Le_Morte_d'Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>. A cup kept in the Spanish <a href="Cathedral_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Valencia">Cathedral of Valencia</a> has been identified since medieval times as the purported Holy Chalice used at the Last Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Supper">Last Supper</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (26:27–29) says:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<blockquote><p>And He took a cup and when He had given thanks He gave it to them saying "Drink this, all of you; for this is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I shall not drink again of the fruit of the vine until I drink it new with you in My Father's kingdom."</p></blockquote>

<p>This incident, traditionally known as the <a href="Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, is also described by the gospel writers, <a href="Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> and <a href="Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a>, and by the <a href="Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> in I Corinthians. With the preceding description of the breaking of bread, it is the foundation for the <a href="Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> or <a href="Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, celebrated regularly in many Christian churches. Except within the context of the Last Supper, the Bible makes no mention of the cup, and ascribes no significance whatsoever to the object itself.

</p><p>St. <a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> (347–407 AD) in his homily on <i><a href="Book_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Matthew">Matthew</a></i> asserted:

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<blockquote><p>The table was not of silver, the chalice was not of gold in which Christ gave His blood to His disciples to drink, and yet everything there was precious and truly fit to inspire awe.</p></blockquote>

<p>The pilgrim <a href="Antoninus_of_Piacenza_(pilgrim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoninus of Piacenza (pilgrim)">Antoninus of Piacenza</a> (570 AD) in his descriptions of the holy places of <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, said that he saw "the cup of onyx, which our Lord blessed at the last supper" among many relics displayed at the Basilica erected by Constantine near to <a href="Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a> and the <a href="Tomb_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Christ">Tomb of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoninus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoninus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Herbert Thurston in the <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1908) concluded that:

</p>

<blockquote><p>No reliable tradition has been preserved to us regarding the vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. In the sixth and seventh centuries pilgrims to Jerusalem were led to believe that the actual chalice was still venerated in the <a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, having within it the sponge which was presented to Our Saviour on Calvary.<sup id="cite_ref-thurston_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thurston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>According to one tradition, <a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> brought it to <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and passed it on to his successors (the Popes). In 258, when Christians were being persecuted by Emperor <a href="Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and the Romans demanded that relics be turned over to the government, Pope <a href="Sixtus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a> instead gave the cup to one of his <a href="Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, <a href="Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>, who passed it to a Spanish soldier, Proselius, with instructions to take it to safety in Lawrence's home country of Spain.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_tradition">Medieval tradition</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3></div>

<p>The iconic significance of the Chalice grew during the Early Middle Ages. Depictions of Jesus praying in the Garden of <a href="Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>, such as that in the fourteenth-century frescoes of the church at Öja, <a href="Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> (<i>illustration, right</i>), show a prefigured apparition of the Holy Chalice that stands at the top of the mountain, illustrating the words "Let this cup be taken from me". Together with the halo-enveloped Hand of God and the haloed figure of Jesus, the halo image atop the chalice, as if of a consecrated Host, completes the Trinity by embodying the Holy Spirit.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Grail">Holy Grail</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> appears as a miraculous artifact in <a href="Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian legend</a> in the 12th century, and is soon associated with the Holy Chalice.

</p><p>The "Grail" became interwoven with the legend of the Holy Chalice. The connection of the Holy Chalice with <a href="Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> dates from <a href="Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a>'s <i>Joseph d'Arimathie</i> (late 12th century). The fully developed "Grail legend" of the 13th century identifies the Holy Grail with the Holy Chalice used in the Last Supper and later used to collect <a href="Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Christ's blood</a>, brought to Hispania by <a href="Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_relics">Medieval relics</h3></div>

<p>In the account of <a href="Arculf" title="Arculf">Arculf</a>, a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon pilgrim, mention is made of a chalice venerated as the one used in the Last Supper in a chapel near Jerusalem. This is the only mention of the veneration of such a relic in the Holy Land.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Two artifacts were claimed as the Holy Chalice in Western Christianity in the later medieval period. The first is the <i>Santo Cáliz</i>, an <a href="Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> cup in the <a href="Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Cathedral of Valencia</a>, purportedly from around the 1st century AD, and celebrated by <a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2006 as "this most famous chalice" (<i>hunc praeclarum Calicem</i>); Valencia's Holy Chalice is the object most commonly identified as a claimant to being the <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second is the <i>Sacro Catino</i> in <a href="Genoa_Cathedral" title="Genoa Cathedral">Genoa Cathedral</a>, a flat dish made of green glass; recovered from <a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 1101, it was not identified as the Holy Chalice until much later, towards the end of the 13th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valencia_Chalice">Valencia Chalice</h4></div>

<p>The <i>Holy Chalice</i> (Spanish: <i>Santo Cáliz</i>) is an <a href="Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> cup preserved in the <a href="Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Cathedral of Valencia</a>. The chalice is commonly credited as being the actual <a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> used by Jesus during the <a href="Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is preserved in a chapel consecrated to it, where it still attracts the faithful on pilgrimage. The artifact has seemingly never been accredited with supernatural powers.

</p><p>The cup is made of dark red <a href="Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> which is mounted by means of a knobbed stem and two curved handles onto a base made from an inverted cup of <a href="Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>. The agate cup is about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) in diameter and the total height, including base, is about 17 centimetres (7 inches) high. The base, stems and handles are later additions purportedly medieval, with the lower part added 'Arabic looking' inscription. The red agate cup itself (the chalice) was most likely produced in a Levantine or Egyptian workshop between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is kept together with an inventory list on <a href="Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, said to have accompanied a lost letter which detailed state-sponsored Roman persecution of Christians that forced the church to split up its treasury and hide it with members, specifically the deacon <a href="Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>.

</p><p>The first explicit inventory reference to the present <i>Chalice of Valencia</i> is found in an inventory of the treasury of the monastery of San Juan de la Peña drawn up by Don Carreras Ramírez, Canon of Zaragoza, on 14 December 1134. The Chalice is described as the vessel in which "Christ Our Lord consecrated his blood" (<i>En un arca de marfil está el Cáliz en que Cristo N. Señor consagró su sangre, el cual envió <a href="Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">S. Lorenzo</a> a su patria, <a href="Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a></i>).

</p><p>Reference to the chalice is made again in 1399, when it was given by the monastery of <a href="San_Juan_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan de la Peña">San Juan de la Peña</a> to king <a href="Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin I of Aragon</a> in exchange for a gold cup.

</p><p><a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> celebrated Mass with the Holy Chalice in Valencia in November 1982, and in that occasion the Pope referred to it as "a witness to Christ's passage on Earth". In July 2006, at the closing Mass of the 5th World Meeting of Families in Valencia, <a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> also celebrated Mass with the Holy Chalice, on this occasion calling it "this most famous chalice" (<i>hunc praeclarum Calicem</i>), words in the <a href="Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a> said to have been used for the first popes to refer to the Holy Grail until the 4th century in Rome.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genoa_Dish">Genoa Dish</h4></div>

<p></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sacro_Catino" title="Sacro Catino">Sacro Catino</a></div>

<p>The <i>Sacro Catino</i> ("Sacred Basin"), kept in <a href="Genoa_Cathedral" title="Genoa Cathedral">Genoa Cathedral</a>, is a hexagonal dish made of green Egyptian glass, some 9 cm high and 33 cm across. It was taken to Genoa by <a href="Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a> as part of the spoils from the conquest of <a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 1101. <a href="William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> (10.16) describes it as a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (<i>vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum</i>) which the <a href="Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> thought to be made of <a href="Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, and accepted as their share of the spoils. William states that the Genoese were still exhibiting the bowl, insisting on its miraculous properties due to its being made of emerald, in his own day (<i>Unde et usque hodie transeuntibus per eos magnatibus, vas idem quasi pro miraculo solent ostendere, persuadentes quod vere sit, id quod color esse indicat, smaragdus</i>), the implication being that emerald was thought to have miraculous properties of its own in <a href="Lapidary_(text)" title="Lapidary (text)">medieval lore</a>, and not that the bowl was thought of as a holy relic. The <i>Sacro Catino</i> would later become identified as the Holy Grail. The first explicit claim to this effect is found in the <i>Chronicon</i> by <a href="Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, written in the 1290s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pedro_Tafur" title="Pedro Tafur">Pedro Tafur</a>, who visited Genoa in 1436, reported that the Holy Grail, "made of a single emerald" is kept in Genoa Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The bowl was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816, on which occasion it was confirmed it is made of glass rather than emerald. It was the subject of various restorations, in 1908, 1951, and 2017.

</p><p>The study of the object made during the period of presence in France by the <a href="French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie des sciences</a> of the Institut de France established that it was a <a href="Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> <a href="Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a>, and not emerald. Modern studies consider it to be an <a href="Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> artifact of the 9th–10th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_candidates">Modern candidates</h2></div>

<p>Aside from the Holy Chalice of the <a href="Cathedral_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Valencia">Cathedral of Valencia</a>, which some have believed to be the Holy Grail since the time of the first few centuries <a href="Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>, and which has been used by popes to celebrate Mass through to the present, a number of other artifacts of greater or lesser notability have come to be identified with the "Holy Grail" or "Holy Chalice", beginning with the rising popularity of the Grail legend in 19th-century <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalice_of_Doña_Urraca">Chalice of Doña Urraca</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chalice_of_Do%C3%B1a_Urraca" title="Chalice of Doña Urraca">Chalice of Doña Urraca</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Chalice_of_Do%C3%B1a_Urraca" title="Chalice of Doña Urraca">Chalice of Doña Urraca</a> is an artifact kept in <a href="St._Isidore's_Basilica%2C_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Isidore's Basilica, León">St. Isidore's Basilica</a> in <a href="Le%C3%B3n%2C_Spain" title="León, Spain">León, Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The connection of this artifact to the Holy Grail was made in the 2014 book <i>Los Reyes del Grial</i>, which develops the hypothesis that this artifact had been taken by Egyptian troops following the invasion of Jerusalem and the looting of the <a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, then given by the Emir of Egypt to the Emir of <a href="Denia" class="mw-redirect" title="Denia">Denia</a>, who in the 11th century gave it to the Kings of Leon for them to spare his city in the <a href="Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antioch_Chalice">Antioch Chalice</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Antioch_chalice" title="Antioch chalice">Antioch chalice</a></div>

<p>This <a href="Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> object is in the collection of the <a href="Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City. It was apparently made at <a href="Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in the early 6th century, and is of double-cup construction, with an outer shell of cast-metal open work, enclosing a plain silver inner cup. When it was first recovered in Antioch in 1910, it was touted as the Holy Chalice, an identification the Metropolitan Museum characterizes as "ambitious". It is no longer identified as a chalice, having been identified by experts at <a href="Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> in <a href="Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland as likely a standing lamp, in a style of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanteos_Cup">Nanteos Cup</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nanteos_Cup" title="Nanteos Cup">Nanteos Cup</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Nanteos_Cup" title="Nanteos Cup">Nanteos Cup</a> is a medieval wood <a href="Mazer_(drinking_vessel)" title="Mazer (drinking vessel)">mazer</a> bowl, held for many years at <a href="Nanteos_Mansion" title="Nanteos Mansion">Nanteos Mansion</a>, <a href="Rhydyfelin" title="Rhydyfelin">Rhydyfelin</a>, near <a href="Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a> in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

It is recorded as having been attributed miraculous powers of healing in the late 19th century, and tradition apparently held it had been made from a piece of the <a href="True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> at the time, but it came to be identified as the Holy Chalice in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Western_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Prepuce" title="Holy Prepuce">Holy Prepuce</a></li>

<li><a href="Holyrood_(cross)" title="Holyrood (cross)">Holyrood (cross)</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">Holy Sponge</a></li>

<li><a href="Nail_(relic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (relic)">Nail (relic)</a></li>

<li><a href="Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Sandals of Jesus Christ">Sandals of Jesus Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a></li>

<li><a href="Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">Titulus Crucis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></li>

<li><a href="True_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="True cross">True cross</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/list/10-iconic-churches-in-spain">"10 Iconic Churches in Spain"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2026%3A27&version=NIV">"Matthew 26:27 – New International Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Antoninus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antoninus_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStewartWilson1896" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Aubrey; Wilson, CW, eds. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p2libraryofpales01paleuoft"><i>Of the Holy Places Visited by Antoninus Martyr (Circ. 560–570 A.D.)</i></a>. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/p2libraryofpales01paleuoft/page/16">16</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-thurston-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thurston_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thurston, Herbert (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03561a.htm">"Chalice"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<i>De locis sanctis</i>; the chapel was located between the basilica of <a href="Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a> and the Martyrium. The relic is described as a two-handled silver chalice with the measure of a Gaulish pint. Arculf kissed his hand and reached through an opening of the perforated lid of the reliquary to touch the chalice. He said that the people of the city flocked to it with great veneration.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHargitai2018" class="citation web cs1">Hargitai, Quinn (29 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180528-is-this-the-home-of-the-holy-grail">"Is this the home of the Holy Grail?"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180528-is-this-the-home-of-the-holy-grail">"Is this the home of the Holy Grail?"</a>. 29 May 2018.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marica, Patrizia, <i>Museo del Tesoro</i> Genoa, Italy (2007), 7–12. Juliette Wood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVquBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85">The Holy Grail: History and Legend</a> (2012).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The great church is called San Lorenzo, and it is very remarkable, particularly the porch. They keep in it the Holy Grail, which is made of a single emerald and is indeed a marvellous relic," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch1">Pedro Tafur, <i>Andanças e viajes</i></a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2014 <i>Guardian</i> article on the Chalice of Doña Urraca mentions in passing that "In Europe alone there are 200 supposed holy grails, the Spanish researchers admitted." <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/31/crowds-flock-spanish-chuch-leon-holy-grail-claim">"Crowds flock to Spanish church after holy grail claim"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. 31 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-news-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world/historians-claim-holy-grail-is-in-church-in-leon-northern-spain/story-fndir2ev-1226870442706"><i>Historians claim Holy Grail is in church in Leon, northern Spain</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506161036/http://www.news.com.au/world/historians-claim-holy-grail-is-in-church-in-leon-northern-spain/story-fndir2ev-1226870442706">Archived</a> 6 May 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Bob Fredericks (<a href="News.com.au" title="News.com.au">News.com.au</a>, 1 April 2014)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFredericks2014" class="citation news cs1">Fredericks, Bob (31 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2014/03/31/historians-claim-to-have-recovered-fabled-holy-grail/">"Historians claim to have recovered Holy Grail"</a>. <i>nypost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisen, Gustavus A., <i>The great chalice of Antioch</i>, New York, Fahim Kouchakji, 1933. Eisen, Gustavus A., <i>The great chalice of Antioch, on which are depicted in sculpture the earliest known portraits of Christ, apostles and evangelists</i>, New York, Kouchakji frères, 1923. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/468346">Metropolitan Museum</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Barber-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Barber, Richard</a> (2 December 2004). <i>The Holy Grail: The History of a Legend</i>. London: <a href="Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-140-26765-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Western-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Western_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Nanteos Cup: Curious Relic in North Cardiganshire: Remarkable instance of faith cure". <i><a href="Western_Mail_(Wales)" title="Western Mail (Wales)">Western Mail</a></i>. No. 8255. Cardiff. 5 November 1895 – via 19th Century British Newspapers.</cite>

<cite id="CITEREFThorpe2014" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/26/holy-grail-myth-wales-nanteos-cup">"Holy Grail quest set to bring tourist boom to 'magical' Nanteos House in Wales"</a>. <i><a href="The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite>

<cite id="CITEREFWood2013" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Juliette (5 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-phantom-cup-that-comes-and-goes-the-story-of-the-holy-grail">"The Phantom Cup that Comes and Goes: The Story of the Holy Grail"</a>. <i><a href="Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a></i>. London. Lecture given at the <a href="Museum_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Salvador Antuñano Alea, <i>Truth and Symbolism of Holy Grail: Revelations Surrounding Valencia's Sacred Chalice</i> (in Spanish, with a prologue by Archbishop Agustin Garcia Gasco of Valencia), 1999</li>

<li>Strzygowski, Josef, <i>L'ancien art chrétien de Syrie</i>, Paris, E. de Boccard, 1936.</li>

<li><i>Relics of the Passion</i>, 2005, <a href="History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> video documentary</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03561a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>:</a> Chalice (illustration of the Holy Chalice of Valencia)</li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed., <i>Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</i>, no. 542, 1979, <a href="Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780870991790</bdi>; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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